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Objective:To analyze the epidemic situation of plague among animals in the foci of Meriones unguiculatus in Inner Mongolia Plateau, and to find out key influencing factors affecting the epidemic of the plague, and to provide theoretical basis for the prediction, early warning and risk assessment of the plague. Methods:The monitoring data including gerbils density, gerbils body flea index, plague epidemic intensity, etc., as well as environmental data including temperature, precipitation and El Ni?o activity (Southern Oscillation Index, SOI) from 19 banners (counties, cities and districts) in Ulanqab Plateau area, the foci of Meriones unguiculatus in Inner Mongolia Plateau were selected. The methods of correlation analysis, structural equation model and rank correlation were used to analyze the epidemic and key influencing factors of plague among animals in the foci. Results:The plague epidemic cycle in the foci of Meriones unguiculatus in Inner Mongolia Plateau was 5 to 10 years. The correlation analysis results showed that all the factors had influence on each other. Structural equation model screened out that the main influencing factors of plague epidemic were SOI, gerbils density and temperature. SOI had a negative effect on plague epidemic intensity (-0.022) and temperature (-0.029), while gerbils density had a positive effect on plague epidemic intensity (0.014), and temperature had a negative effect on plague epidemic intensity (-0.065). In rank correlation, when the gerbils density was at a high value, the probability of high plague epidemic intensity in that year was 4/9; when SOI was at a low value, the probability was 5/9; when the temperature was at a low value, the probability was 5/9. When the plague epidemic intensity was at a high value in that year, the probability of the plague epidemic intensity being high in the following year was 5/8; when the gerbils density was at a high value in that year, the probability was 4/9; when SOI was at a low value in that year, the probability was 4/9. Conclusion:Climate and biological factors can affect prevalence of plague, and countermeasures should be taken in advance to prevent plague outbreaks when El Ni?o phenomenon, low temperature, high density of gerbils, and high previous-year prevalence of plague appear.
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Objective To analyze and evaluate the application of indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) method in the epidemic area of Meriones unguiculatus in Inner Mongolia.Methods The plague monitoring summary and epidemic analysis reports of each year in Inner Mongolia from 1996 to 2016 were collected.The serum results of the IHA method were analyzed,including the time,region and the distribution of host animals.Results From 1996 to 2016,a total of 38 096 serum samples were detected from various host animals,and 172 positive samples were detected,with a positive rate of 0.45％.In the 21 years,except 2001 and 2015,the occurrence and prevalence of plague were judged by the IHA method for the remaining 19 years.There were 10 counties detected positive sera by IHA method;the positive results were detected by IHA method in 6 kinds of host animals,including 5 rodents and 1 carnivorous,and the positive rate of Rhombomys opimus was up to 6.17％ (91/1 475),the highest titer of the seropositive host animals was as high as 1:10 240.Conclusions The IHA method is easy to operate and economical.It plays a huge role in the timely detection of the epidemic in systematic monitoring of the Meriones unguiculatus in Inner Mongolia.
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Objective To illustrate more accurately the feasibility of DNA barcode technology in species identification in different geographical areas.Methods Four plague host animals were selected from three plague natural foci in Inner Mongolia for DNA barcode comparison,GC base content,codon preference and genetic distance calculation,and a phylogenetic tree was constructed.Results Compared between different foci of A llactaga sibirica,the difference of base content was statistically significant (F =5.34,P ＜ 0.05);the variation of Meriones unguiculatus focus Allactaga sibirica base content was larger,and compared with other foci Allactaga sibirica,the difference was statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).Different foci between one species rarely exist in codon sites.The genetic distance of intraspecific was less than 1％,and the genetic distance of interspecific was more than 18％.Conclusions DNA barcode of each species is specific,with no interspecific species sharing,and does not change with geographical position.Molecular identification of plague host animal is effective by DNA barcode.
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Objective To determine a method for amplification of cytochrome C oxidase subunit Ⅰ (CO Ⅰ) gene of Brandt's vole.Methods 发he Brandt's Voles were captured in Abagaqi Xilingol League Inner Mongolia,and DNA was extracted from liver tissue.CO Ⅰ gene was amplified by nested PCR and sequenced afterwards.Results A band of 657 bp and 1 132 bp was amplified by internal and external PCR primers,respectively,which were consistent with expected sizes.A total of 12 segments of Brandt's Vole CO Ⅰ gene sequences were amplified by PCR and verified by sequencing.一he sequence number was KF182196-KF182207 in GenBank.After gene sequence alignment of the 12 CO Ⅰ gene sequences,it was found that the similarity was 100％,and no base mutation.Conclusion CO Ⅰ gene of Brandt's Vole could be amplified by nested PCR without pseudo gene.
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Objective To investigate epidemiological characteristics of animal plague in Microtus brandti plague foci in China from 2005-2013,and to found the reason for cross epidemic of Microtus brandti and Mongolian gerbil plague.Methods Totally 135 Yesinia pestis (Y.pestis) were isolated in Microtus brandti plague foci from 2005 to 2013.According to the typing method of Y.pestis and The Criteria of Plague Natural Foci and Animal Plague Epidemic(GB 16883-1997),bacteria type was identified using biochemical tests and sugar alcohols glycolysis test.Monitoring reports of the plague epidemic situation in Abag Banner,Xilinhot,Sonid left Banner,Xi Ujimqin Banner,Dong Ujimqin Banner,Inner Mongolia were collected.The epidemiological distribution of animal plague in Microtus brandti plague foci was analyzed.Results In 135 strains tested which were isolated from 2005-2007 and 2010,128 strains were fermented farinose,unfermented rhamnose; and 7 strains were fermented rhamnose,unfermented arabinose in 2008.According to the types of Microtus brandti Y.pestis (fermented rhamnose,unfermented arainose) and Mongolian gerbil Y.pestis (fermented arainose,unfermented rhamnose),Microtus brandti plague was identified in the epidemic in Xilinhot and Dong Ujimqin Banner in 2008.The Mongolian gerbil plague was epidemic in Abag Banner,Xilinhot and Xi Ujimqin Banner in2005-2007 and 2010.Conclusions In 2005,Mongolian gerbil type of Y.pestis is first isolated in Abag Banner,Xilinhot and Xi Ujimqin Banner.It is confirmed a newly discovered Mongolian gerbil plague foci.Abag Banner,Xilinhot,Sonid left Banner,Xi Ujimqin Banner and Dong Ujimqin Banner are Microtus brandti plague foci,only Dong Ujimqin Banner is Microtus brandti plague foci,others are two types of Microtus brandti and Mongolian gerbil plague foci.Since 2005,new epidemic situation is found,the Microtus brandti plague foci is becoming complex.It is a serious threat to human being.We must further strengthen the research and prevention in future.
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A model of intrahepatic portal hypertension was established in SD rats by injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). By observing the opening angle of the portal vein, the zero-stress state of the portal veins was studied at different time during the pathogenesis of intrahepatic portal hypertension. After CCl4 injection, the opening angles of the portal veins were increased, in the tenth week, they were much greater than those in the corresponding controls (P<0.05). The results suggest that during the pathogenesis of portal hypertension, unequal remodeling exists in the portal veins to change its biomechanical properties, and the residual stress and strain of the portal veins in portal hypertensive rats are greater than those in normal controls.
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Animals , Male , Rats , Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning , Disease Models, Animal , Hypertension, Portal , Injections, Subcutaneous , Portal Vein , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Stress, MechanicalABSTRACT
The zero-stress state of the esophagus is the state in which the esophagus is stress-free. It is in close correlation with physiology and pathology of the esophagus. The purpose of the review is to describe briefly the basic theory of zero-stress state and its physiological and pathologic implications in the esophagus.
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Humans , Esophagus , Physiology , Stress, PhysiologicalABSTRACT
Objective To study the effect of exogenous non secreted human urokinase type plasminogen activator(uPA) gene on the production of collagen in activated hepatic stellate cells(HSC) after delivery by replication deficient recombinant adenovirus vector. Methods Non secreted human uPA was inserted into the replication deficient recombinant adenoviruses AduPA in bacteria. After infected by AduPA, the expression of uPA in HSC cell line HSC T6 was detected by Northern blot and immunocytochemical staining, and the level of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP 2) in the supernatant of cultured HSC T6 cells was measured by ELISA. In addition, immunocytofluorescent staining was carried out to evaluate the effect of AduPA on the production of collagen Ⅰ and Ⅲ in HSC after exogenous uPA gene delivery. Results 5?10 11 efu/ml titer of AduPA was obtained in the HSC infected with the recombinated virus. Northern blot and immunocytochemical staining showed that the expression of uPA in HSC increased significantly on the third day after infection with the AduPA. The level of MMP 2 in the supernatant of the cultured HSC was (274.45?7.63) pg/ml, which was higher than that in the control [(145.85?6.58) pg/ml, P
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Objective:To study the preparation technique for magnetic poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolide phenylarsine oxide nanoparticles (M-PLGA-PAO-NPs) and to characterize the resultant product. Methods: M-PLGA-PAO-NPs were prepared by using emulsion-evaporation process. The morphology of the prepared nanoparticles were observed by transmission electron microscope and the magnetism of the particles was determined by vibrating sample magnetometer. Meanwhile, we also evaluated the mean diameter, encapsulation ratio, and drug loading rate of the particles. Results: The nanoparticles had a regular spherical surface, with 80% of them having a diameter of 140-500 nm. We also found that the drug loading rate of the particles was 3.2% and the mean encapsulation ratio was 34.2%. The drug had satisfactory magnetic property. Conclusion: Our method can obtain M-PLGA-PAO-NP with satisfactory quality, it is simple-to-use and the prepared particles can meet the requirement of pharmaceutics.
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[ABSTRACT] Objective: To investigate the effect of botulinum toxin-A (BTA) on lower esophageal sphinctor (LES) in dogs,providing scientific base for treating achalasia with BTA. Methods:BTA was endoscopically injected into the LES in 10 dogs,and saline injection was taken as control group(10 dogs). LES pressure was measured before and after injection. Contents of Ach and activity of AchE were determined in LES samples. By means of Karnovsky-Roots technique,ultrastructure of nerve terminal and vesicles containing Ach were studied under light and transmission electronic microscopy. Results:LES pressure obviously decreased in BTA-treated dogs after injection (P
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Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect transferring acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene into experimental cat achalasia. Methods Thirty six cats were divided into 4 groups.Group 1 was served as healthy control.The cats in other three groups were injected with benzaikoniumchloride(BAC) into the lower esophageal sphincter(LES) under endoscopy to establish achalasia model. Then the cats were injected with normal saline (group 2 as experiment control),adenoviral vectors containing green fluorescent protein (AdGFP, group 3) or adenoviruses containing full length AChE T cDNA (group 4) by the same way 8 weeks later. RT PCR and immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of the AChE 10 days later.Manometry was carried out to check the pressure of LES. Results RT PCR amplification results indicated that AChE T fragment corresponding to target gene was presented in group 4. The expression of AChE T mRNA was positive and AChE protein could be detected by immunohistochemistry in the LES of cats treated with AdAChE T. In addition AChE activity increased significantly in group 4 than that in group 3 and group 2( P
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Objective To construct the replication deficient recombinant adenoviruses (AdHGF) of human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) cDNA derived from CMV promoter using homologous recombination in bacteria provided by AdEasy system and to further investigate the effect of HGF on human fetal hepatocyte growth. Methods The HGF cDNA was obtained from the plasmid-pUCHGF by digestion, and the shuttle plasmid-pAdTrack-CMV-HGF in which the HGF cDNA was inserted into the downstream of CMV promoter was established by ligation. Then the linearized shuttle plasmid was co-transformed into bacteria with backbone vector AdEasy-1 to obtain the recombinant adenoviral plasmid-pAdHGF by homologous recombination. After packed in 293 cells, the recombinant adenoviruses-AdHGF was generated. The expression of HGF in human fetal hepatocyte was detected by RT-PCR and the effect of AdHGF on the cell cycle of fetal hepatocyte was examined by flow cytometry. Results The recombinant plasmid pAdHGF was established by homologous recombination and confirmed by restriction endonuclease digestion and sequencing. GFP expression could be observed on the third day after packing of the linearized pAdHGF in 293 cells and 4?10 10 efu/ml titer of AdHGF was obtained by CsCl gradient purification. Three days after the human fetal hepatocytes were infected by the viruses, expression of HGF in hepatocytes increased significantly and most of the hepatocytes in G 0/G 1 stages was changed to that in S and G 2/M stages.Conclusions AdHGF can be simply and rapidly generated using AdEasy system. The infection of human fetal hepatocytes by AdHGF could result in the high expression of HGF and promote the cell regeneration. AdHGF may serve as a new tool for hepatocyte transplantation and gene therapy of hepatic fibrosis.
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Objective To elucidate the pathogenesis of achalasia, Benzyldimethyltetradecylammo-nium chloride ( BAC) was used to create amyenteric cat achalasia models. Methods Twenty-four cats were randomized into two groups and injected respectively with BAC in models or saline in controls into the distal esophagus under endoscopy. After 8 weeks, manometry, biopsy with HE stain, acetylcholinesterase activity and immunohistochemistry were studied. Results Manometrically, the pressures of LES in cat models showed higher than those of the controls (P
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AIM: To observe the dynamic changes of plasma levels of nitric oxide(NO) and endothelin (ET-1) in portal veins of the rats during prehepatic portal hypertension, and investigate the role of them in hyperdynamic circulation. METHODS: The models of prehepatic portal hypertension were established in Sprague-Dawley rats by means of partial portal vein ligation (PVL). The plasma levels of nitrite/nitrate (NO - 2/NO - 3) and ET-1 in the portal veins were detected by the method of nitric reductase and radioimmunoassay, respectively. In this study, rats were divided into normal, sham operation (SO) and PVL group. SO and PVL rats were divided into several subgroups according to different time after operations. Meanwhile, the changes of several hemodynamic indexes in these rats were also measured. RESULTS: The levels of NO - 2/NO - 3 were significantly increased and ET-1 were significantly decreased in rats at different time after PVL compared with normal control, whereas the hemodynamic indexes changed accordingly. CONCLUSION: The portal hypertensive rats are in hyperdynamic circulatory state (HCS). NO and ET-1 may play an important role in the induction and maintenance of HCS.
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Objective: To ascertain the role of nitric oxide(NO) in hemodynamic dysfunction in patients with liver cirrhosis. Methods: The plasma levels of NO and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) of 28 cirrhotic patients and 16 normal controls were measured by Griess and colorimetric methods. Meanwhile, cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI) and systemic vascular resistance (R) were determined. Results: Higher plasma levels of NO and NOS activity were observed in cirrhotic patients than those in normal controls (52.34 vs 36.95 ?mol/L, P
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By means of monoclonal antibodies la and OKT series it is possible to classify B and T lymphocytes as well as the subgroups of T cells, thus making appraisement of the immunological function of the patients possible. Hereby we presented the results of observation among 17 cases of esophageal can-c er, 20 cases of gastric cancer, in comparison with 17 normal persons. All of the cancer patients, were diagnosed with the aid of endoscopic and pathohistologic examinations. Lymphocytes were separated from fasting blood samples. Immunofluorescent stainings were performed, using mouse anti-human monoclonal antibodies Ia,OKT3, OKT4, OKT8 and rebbit antimouse IgG fluorescent antibody. The cells, exhibiting fluorescent dots on the cell membrane are counted and their percentage among the tatal lymphocytes is calculated.In normal persons T lymphocytes (OKT3 positive) accounS for 74.03 .19% of total lymphocytes. in the peripheral blood, T helper lymphocytes (OKT4 positive) 49.02 +3.88%,T suppressor lymphocytes (OKT8 positive)28.98?.98%, B lymphocytes (la positive) 20.86?.98%. The average ratio between T helper cells and T suppressor cells or OKT4/OKTS ratio is 1. 72. In the 17 cases of esophageal cancer the average percentages of T helper cells and T suppressor cells are 41.2715.98% and. 40.09?.11%, respectvely, with the OKT4/OKT8 ratio of 1.10. In the 20 cases of gastric cancer.the corresponding figures are 39.33?.29%, 36.26?.21% and 1.15, repectively. It demonstrats that in cancer patients there are a marked decrease of T helper cells and a marked increase of T suppressor cells and a consequent decrease of the OKT4/OKT8 ratio, indicating the presence of immunological disturbance.